Jan Łukasiewicz distinguished three various formulations of the law of contradiction in Aristotle's considerations concerning axiomatic foundations of philosophia prima in the book Γ of Methaphysics. Łukasiewicz referred to these formulations as „ontological”, „logical”, and „psychological”, respectively. The author focuses his attention on the last of them, namely to the so called psychological approach. He finds this approach to be an inadequate interpretation of Aristotle's views and tries to show that the most appropriate interpretation is pragmatic-logical.

The authors of mediaeval treatises on the modi significandi (often entitled De modis signi­ficandi, or Summa grammatica, or Summa modorum significandi, or Grammatica speculativa) have come to be known as the Modistae who taught in the late Sixties of the 13th till the Thirties of the 14th centuries. The present study is an account of the grammatical theories of this group of mediaeval scholars (mostly the work of Thomas of Erfurt), set in the appropriate context of situation and seen in (...) terms of the part they played in mediaeval semiotic theory, since their theory rests on the study of words and the properties of these words as signs of things. At the end of the present study the influence of the speculative grammar on present linguistic theories is announ­ced. Some influence of the speculative grammar one could discover in many contemporary lin­gui­stic theories like those of Noam Chomsky, Ronald Langacker, Robin Lakoff and even Ray Jackendoff. (shrink)

The Author is of the opinion that cultural impact of modern theoretical physics is entirely negative. This is so because modern theoretical physics does not have a consistent view of the world. This is to be compared with the blessing of having a consistent and understandable view of the world, as given, for example, by the mediaeval astronomy and theology.

The article attempts to characterize three key doctrinal controversies in the Carolingian Renaissance, namely: the disputes over the Eucharist, the so-called trina deitas, and predestination. The core of the article is an exposition of the controversy concerning predestination, whose main protagonist is Gottschalk of Orbais. The article discusses four crucial issues related to the problem: (i) the concept of God, (ii) the understanding of grace, nature and free will, (iii) the relation of foreknowledge to predestination, and (iv) the doctrine of (...) redemption, i.e., specifically the relationship betweenjustice and mercy. The article is largely an attempt at an interpretation of the texts of the epoch, mainly those of Gottschalk of Orbais and his adversary, Hincmar of Reims. The conclusions point to difficulties in the issues discussed and outline what attempts at solving this problem have taken place in the coming centuries. (shrink)

This chapter introduces three economic systems related to the ageing population. The silver economy, the creative economy, and the social and solidarity economy, to some extent, correspond to the needs of older people. Moreover, they foster and use the diverse forms of older people’s capital.

Zapis rozmowy z dr. Andrzejem Klimczukiem, adiunktem w Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznym Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie; ekspertem z zakresu gerontologii, ekonomii pracy, zarządzania publicznego i polityki społecznej.

Ein Grundbedürfnis der Menschheitsgeschichte ist die Suche nach gemeinsamen ethischen Massstäben. Das Naturrecht hat sich besonders in der christlichen Interpretation zu einem universalen "Wegweiser" in der abendländischen Geistesgeschichte herausgestellt. Es bietet allgemein gültige Handlungsorientierungen. Die gegenwärtige Pluralisierung durch verschiedene normative anthropologische Entwürfe bewirkt eine allgemeine Verunsicherung. Diese globalen Entwicklungen sind der Anlass, das Naturrecht neu zur Geltung zu bringen, um den heutigen ethischen Herausforderungen gerecht zu werden.

Recent years have seen the appearance of many English-language hand books of logic and numerous monographs on topical discoveries in the foundations of mathematics. These publications on the foundations of mathematics as a whole are rather difficult for the beginners or refer the reader to other handbooks and various piecemeal contribu tions and also sometimes to largely conceived "mathematical fol klore" of unpublished results. As distinct from these, the present book is as easy as possible systematic exposition of the now (...) classical results in the foundations of mathematics. Hence the book may be useful especially for those readers who want to have all the proofs carried out in full and all the concepts explained in detail. In this sense the book is self-contained. The reader's ability to guess is not assumed, and the author's ambition was to reduce the use of such words as evident and obvious in proofs to a minimum. This is why the book, it is believed, may be helpful in teaching or learning the foundation of mathematics in those situations in which the student cannot refer to a parallel lecture on the subject. This is also the reason that I do not insert in the book the last results and the most modem and fashionable approaches to the subject, which does not enrich the essential knowledge in founda tions but can discourage the beginner by their abstract form. A. G. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to describe the general conditions for the development of creative industries in Podlaskie Voivodship from Poland. This region on the background of the country is characterized by the highest level of cultural diversity and multiculturalism policy. However, there are a number of barriers for the creative industries. First article discusses the regional characteristics and then the basic theoretical approaches and conclusions of the author’s own research. The following sections discuss the conclusions and recommendations for (...) regional policy and management of cultural sector entities that may be relevant also for other culturally diverse regions. (shrink)

L’objet de cet article est constitué par les motifs cartésiens dans la pensée de Leszek Kołakowski, l’un des philosophes polonais les plus connus et influents de la seconde moitié du xx e siècle. On essaiera ici de montrer que ce qui a organisé la pensée de Kołakowski, et ce non seulement dans sa dimension philosophique, mais tout autant politique, était une réflexion critique sur la légitimité et les limites de la quête cartésienne du savoir fondé sur l’évidence et, à la (...) fois, objectif et vrai. Pour l’auteur de cet article Kołakowski – et avec lui, toute une formation intellectuelle, dont il faisait partie, connue sous le nom d’École d’histoire des idées de Varsovie – interprétait le cartésianisme comme un essai de mise en place du radicalisme intégral, tant philosophique que politique. Dans cet article, on défendra également la thèse suivante : pour Kołakowski et pour bon nombre de ses collègues – anciens marxistes –, le cartésianisme était une philosophie radicale non seulement de la vérité, mais aussi de la liberté. La question que Kołakowski adressait aussi bien à Husserl qu’à Descartes, notamment celle de savoir s’il est possible de découvrir les fondements du savoir, inébranlables et absolument incontestables, sera présentée comme un élément de sa stratégie pour surmonter le marxisme envisagé comme une idéologie qui réduit la liberté humaine à un simple épiphénomène. (shrink)

The article concerns selected problems related to the postulates of equalizing the level of positive liberty. The classic understanding of individual freedom, called as negative, identified with a lack of compulsion, can be in opposition to the so-called positive liberty. The last notion is generally defined by an ability, which brings its relation with a concept of power. The postulate of equality in “freedom to” can be justification for conducting a social redistribution of goods. The cases of voluntary and compulsory (...) donation are considered in the text, whose aim is to visualize consequences resulting from a compulsory expansion of the scope of positive liberty. (shrink)